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Basic Process Principles

Creating a niche of Basic Process Principles such as CEK Fluid Mixing Studies, CEL Fixed And Fluidised Bed Apparatus, Solids Handling Studies CEN mkII, Powder Handling, Vibratory Shaker And Sieves, CEQ Corrosion Studies Kit and many more items at its best, with utmost quality.

CEK Fluid Mixing Studies

The fluid mixing apparatus has been developed to demonstrate the factors affecting mixing using visualization and measurement techniques as appropriate. It is suitable as an instructional aid or as a design tool for large scale mixers.

Mixing/flow patterns (visualization)
> power/speed characteristics of different impellers
> mixing of solid/liquid suspensions
> mixing characteristics using immiscible liquids
> quality of mixing/mixing time
> prediction of power in large scale mixers using modelling techniques

Volume: 0.8m³
Gross weight: 100kg.

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CEL Fixed And Fluidised Bed Apparatus

The apparatus is designed to facilitate the study of flow through fixed and fluidised beds of solid particles. Provision is made for the simultaneous study of air and water systems in order to demonstrate the difference between 'aggregative' and 'particulate' fluidised bed characteristics. Students can readily observe the important phenomenon of 'bubbling'.

Upward flow of fluid through a bed of particles is a naturally occuring phenomenon, for example the movement of ground water. Industrial applications include ion-exchange, extraction of soluble components from raw materials and other chemical processes.

The Armfield CEL apparatus facilitates the study of flow through fixed and fluidised particle beds. The simutaneous study of air and water systems and the phenomenon of 'bubbling' can be observed.

The apparatus comprises a laminate backboard, mounted on a tubular steel frame, which supports the two clear acrylic cylindrical columns for air and water. Each column is supplied with sintered bronze bed plates and wall tappings. The columns are demountable in order to remove the particle bed. Separate manometers are provided for measurement of bed pressure drop in the columns.

Water is circulated from a sump tank through a control valve and variable area flow meter to the appropriate column by a pump. An overflow returns the water to the sump tank.

Air supply to the second column is by diaphragm pump via a bypass control valve and variable area flow meter. Air is discharged to atmosphere.

The apparatus is designed to be used on the laboratory bench.

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Solids Handling Studies CEN mkII

The flow and handling characteristics of granular materials are relevant to many process industries, particularly in the handling of powders, pellets, crystals and aggregates. The CEN-mkII introduces students to the behaviour of granular materials and is available as three units that can be purchased separately or as a
complete set.

• Protective enclosure with transparent lid allowing safe operation of a Ball mill or V blender

• Variable speed ball mill using porcelain balls as the grinding medium. Clear acrylic sides allow visualization of the process

• Variable speed V blender constructed from clear acrylic for visualization of the process with dust-tight access cover

Bulk density, particle density and porosity (voidage) of different granular materials

> Angle of repose of different granular materials and demonstration of stratification / segregation when mixed materials are poured (modeling avalanches). Effect of moisture content.

> Flow of granular materials through circular orifices and effect of moisture content.

> Pneumatic conveying of fine granular materials and cyclone separation.

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Powder Handling

The equipment consists of several different pieces of apparatus, mounted on a common backboard that is constructed from solid PVC.

Hele-Shaw Cell
The maximum stable slope of a pile of granular material is called the angle of repose and this will vary with different materials and the moisture content. The Hele-Shaw Cell consists of two parallel clear acrylic plates between which the granular material is poured showing a section through the conical pile and allowing the slope to be measured. The behaviour of mixtures of solids with different grain sizes can also be observed.

Hopper Discharge
The apparatus supplied consists of a Pyrex glass cylindrical hopper with a conical base that terminates in a circular outlet. A disk mounted adjacent to the outlet allows the flow of granular material through four different sizes of orifice to be tested by timed collection using a stop clock (not supplied).

Pneumatic Conveying and Cyclone separation
It is common in industrial processing for granular materials to be moved from one location to another using compressed air as the conveyor and a cyclone to separate the material from the air stream at the final destination. The apparatus supplied provides a visual demonstration the principles of pneumatic conveying using the cylindrical hopper as the cyclone. The low pressure created by a stream of compressed air from an external source (not supplied) through a Venturi is used to draw the granular material into the conveying system.

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Vibratory Shaker And Sieves

Granular materials with different particle sizes can be separated / graded using a stack of sieves with different mesh sizes mounted on a vibratory shaker. After a period of operation the different ‘fractions’ can be collected from each of the sieves and weighed using a suitable balance (supplied with CEN-mkII-00 only).

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CEQ Corrosion Studies Kit

Corrosion represents a significant factor in determining durability and safety of industrial processes. Student engineers need to understand fully the effects of corrosion and how these can be anticipated and prevented. The armfield corrosion studies kit is designed to provide an introduction to this topic and allows students to recognise potentially corrosive situations and develop information to permit the selection of adequate materials.

Effect on corrosion rate of ph level
> Effect of dissolved oxygen concentration
> Galvanic action
> Electrolytic corrosion
> Cathodic protection
> Chemical inhibition
> Prevention of scaling
> Effect of internal stress.

Electrical supply:
Ceq-a: 220/240v, 1ph, 50hz
Ceq-b: 120v, 1ph, 60hz

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Distillation Engineering Teaching Equipment

Considerable advances in the instrumentation and control of distillation columns have been made in recent years, prompted by the advent of computer-linked systems supported by software packages for handling plant operating data. To reflect these advances, Armfield has developed two new state-of-the-art laboratory-based distillation columns that allow safe hands-on practical training for student engineers and plant operators:-

• A continuous or batch operation, computer-compatible column (model reference UOP3CC) which allows a full range of demonstrations from the introductory stages of a process engineering course through to the more complex demonstrations of modern control strategies.

• A batch-only operated version (model reference UOP3BM) manually controlled, permits comprehensive study of the basic principles of distillation.

monitoring and selectable display of at least 14 system temperatures, including those of the liquid on each tray, the reboiler, across the condenser, and of the feed and product streams.
> monitoring, display and manual adjustment of:

i) the electrical power to the reboiler heater.
ii) the reflux ratio setting.
iii) the feed rate setting.

> ribbon cable connector at rear of the console allows the use of standard laboratory chart recorders and data-loggers (all measurements simultaneously).
> USB connector at the rear of the unit allows connection to a user supplied PC, via the integral USB interface.
> remote/manual switch is provided on the front panel of the console to allow simple changeover from PC to front panel control to be made by the operator.
> power and motor control circuits shut down automatically with loss of computer control signals (when in computer control mode).

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MkII Solid/Liquid Extraction Unit

Continuous solid/ liquid extraction
> Multiple stage
> Industrial rotary cell configuration
> Computer compatible

Themkii is a laboratory solid/liquid extractor system for teaching the fundamentals of this important unit operation to chemical engineering students. The equipment utilises a sophisticated, continuous feed, counter current flow, multiple stage, rotary extractor system of the type frequently seen in industrial applications. This gives the student an insight into the practical implementation of the operation, including process economics and control problems.

The effects of temperature, multiple stages, and throughput rate can all be investigated. The extractor is computer compatible with optional educational software.

Self contained floor standing unit with integral control and instrumentation console
> 3 stage extraction process, can also be configured as 1 or 2 stages
> Independent vessel for closed loop batch extraction
> Temperature control at each stage
> Individual control of solvent feed pumps at each stage, of cell rotation rate and of feed rate
> Probes at each stage allow full monitoring of the process
> With the data logger, the product concentrations can be directly displayed in real time (for the recommended material)
> Optional data logger accessory with usb interface and educational software

Solvent temperatures: ambient to 50°c, individually controllable
Pump rate: 0-13. 5l/hr
Feed rate: 0-3l/hr
Rotation speed: 1 rev/15min (4revs/hr)
Cell compartment capacity: 0. 16l.

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Liquid/Liquid Extraction Unit

Liquid/liquid extraction is a valuable process in chemical engineering where the separation of one or more of the components from a liquid mixture is required. The Armfield UOP5 unit demonstrates this process in the laboratory so that students may gain a thorough understanding of this industrial technique.

Meaningful experiments may be conducted within a two hour laboratory period and students benefit from visual observation of the process.

A glass liquid/liquid extraction column, length 1.2m, diameter 50mm.

• Water feed pump with flow control valve, range 0-800ml/min with 30 litre supply and collection tanks.

• A metering pump, range 0-250ml/min, is used to feed solvent from the14 litre stainless steel tank.

• A stainless steel distillation column comprising four sieve plates in a glass section, a water cooled condenser, a 1kW 5 litre electrically heated boiler and a stainless steel condensate collection tank, is used for solvent recovery.

• All items are mounted in a floor standing welded steel framework.

• The unit is controlled from a panel with diagramatic display of the process with controls at appropriate points on the diagram.

• A comprehensive instruction manual is included.

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Basic Water Cooling Tower

The Basic Water Cooling Tower has been designed to give students an appreciation of the construction, design and operational characteristics of a modern evaporative cooling system. The unit is also an excellent example of an 'open system' through which two streams of fluid flow (water and air) and in which there is a mass transfer from one stream to the other.

Convincing energy and mass balances are obtained and students can quickly investigate the effects of:

> air flow rate
> water flow rate
> water temperature
> cooling load
> packing density

on the performance of a cooling tower.

observation of water flow pattern and distribution with different packing arrangements and with various water and air flow rates
> measurement of all 'end states' and the rate of flow of air, water and 'make-up'
> plotting of 'end states' on a psychrometric chart and the application of the steady flow equation to draw up energy balances

> Investigation of effect of packing surface area/volume ratio on:
- approach to wet bulb temperature at inlet
- pressure drop across packing

> Investigation of performance at:
- a range of process cooling loads
- a range of inlet temperatures.

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